Professor Heather D. Flowe
Meyer, M., Colloff, M. F., Bennett, T. C., Hirata, E., Kohl, A., Stevens, L. M., Smith, H., Saudigl, T., & Flowe, H. D. (In press). Enabling witnesses to actively explore faces increases discrimination accuracy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Ghosh, A,, Rockey, J., & Flowe, H. D. (In press). Estimating excess mortality due to female genital mutilation. Nature’s Scientific Reports.
Rockowitz, S., Rockey, J., Stevens, L., Colloff, M F,., Kanja, W., & Flowe, H. D. (In press). Evaluating case attrition along the medico-legal case referral pathway for sexual and domestic violence survivors in Kenya: A secondary data analysis. Victims & Offenders.
Hagsand, A., Flowe, H. D., Takarangi, M., & Gawrylowicz, J. (In press). Editorial: The impact of alcohol and drugs on suspects', victims' and witnesses' cognition and memory. Frontiers in Psychology.
Christy, C., Rockey, J. C., Bradbury-Jones, C., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Flowe, H. D. (2023, April 5). Domestic Abuse links to Suicide: Rapid Review, Fieldwork, and Quantitative Analysis Report. Home Office. Retrieved from osf.io/4t9ab
Rockowitz, S., Wagner, K., Stevens, L., Davies, K., Woodhams, J., & Flowe, H. (2023). A systematic review of criminal justice initiatives to strengthen the criminal investigation and prosecution of sexual violence in East Africa. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231165694.
Karavias, Y., Bandyopadhyay, S., Christie, C., Bradbury-Jones, C., Taylor, J., Kane, E., & Flowe, H. D. (2023). Impact evaluation and economic benefit analysis of a domestic violence and abuse UK police intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 4:1063701. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1063701.
Stevens, L. M., Monds, L. A., Riordan, B. C., Hayre, R. K., & Flowe, H. D.(2023). Acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy effects on women’s memory for consensual and non-consensual sexual activity.. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:1008563. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1008563.
Nguyen, T. et al. (2022). A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 22, 31.05.2022, p. e2111091119.
Rockowitz, S., Bradbury-Jones, C., & Flowe, H. D. (2022). A scoping review on sexual and gender-based violence medico-legal service provision in East Africa. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. doi: 10.1177/15248380221134292.
Gordon, R., Cheeseman, C., Rockowitz, S. Stevens, L, & Flowe, H. (2022). Government Responses to Gender-Based Violence during COVID-19. Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 3, 857345. https://10.3389/fgwh.2022.857345. PMID: 36060609; PMCID: PMC9433992.
Dorison, C. et al. (2022). In COVID-19 health messaging, loss framing increases anxiety with little-to-no concomitant benefits: Experimental evidence from 84 countries. Affective Science, 3, 577-602, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3.
Stevens, L., Reid, E., Kanja, W., Rockowitz, S., Davies, K., Dosanjh, S., Findel, B., & Flowe, H. D. (2022). The Kenyan Survivors of Sexual Violence Network: Preserving memory evidence with a bespoke mobile application to increase access to vital services and justice. [Special Issue Collaborative Community Approaches to Addressing Serious Violence], Societies, 12(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12010012.
Hett, D., Takarangi, M. K. T., & Flowe, H. D. (2022). The effects of computerised metacognitive cognitive bias modification training on the development of adaptive metacognitive beliefs and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 75, 10176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101716
Hope, L. et al. (2022). Urgent issues and Prospects: Examining the role of culture in the investigative interviewing of victims and witnesses. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 27, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12202
Zidan, J., Rockowitz, S., Flowe, H. D. Stevens, L. M., Wangu, K., & Davies, K. (2022). Reflections on increasing the value of data on sexual violence incidents against children to better prevent and respond to offending in Kenya. Societies,12(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12030089
Christie, C. Karavias, Y., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bradbury-Jones, C., Taylor, J., Kane, E., & Flowe, H. D. (2022). The CARA (Cautioning and Relationship Abuse) Service Theory of change, impact evaluation and economic benefits study report. Home Office.
Colloff, M. F., Flowe, H. D., Smith, H. J., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Meissner, C. A., Rockey, J. C., Pande, B., Kujur, P., Parveen, N., Chandel, P., Singh, M. M., Pradhan, & S., Parganiha, A. (2022). Active exploration of faces in police lineups increases discrimination accuracy for own- and other- race faces. American Psychologist, 7(2):196-220. https:// 10.1037/amp0000832. Epub 2021 Nov 18. PMID: 34793182.
Rockey, J., Smith, H., & Flowe, H. (2021). Dirty looks: Politicians’ appearance and unethical behaviour. Leadership Quarterly. 33(2), 101561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101561
Windsor, A., Flowe, H. D., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Hett, D., Jores, T., Lee, B., Stevens, L., Condruz, N., & Colloff, M. F. (2022). Children’s expressions of certainty are informative. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(11):2387-2407. doi: 10.1037/xge0001049.
Rockowitz, S., Stevens, L. M., Rockey, J. C., Smith, L. L., Ritchie, J., Colloff, M. F., Kanja, W., Cotton, Njoroge, D., Kamau, C., & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Patterns of Sexual Violence Against Adults and Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A prospective cross-sectional study. BMJ-Open,1(9):e048636. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048636.
Colloff, M. F., Wilson, B. M., & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Legal System v. Eyewitness: The jury is still out for who is better able to reduce eyewitness error (variance). Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10, 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.04.001
Monds, L. A., Cullen, H. J., Kloft, L., van Golde, C., PhD, Harrison, A., & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Memory and Credibility Perceptions of Alcohol and Other Drug Intoxicated Witnesses and Victims of Crime. Psychology, Crime, & Law. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3afvq
Colloff, M., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., *Karoğlu, N., Rockey, J. C., Smith, H. M. J., Smith, L., Maltby, J., Yaremenko, S., & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Perpetrator pose reinstatement during a lineup test increases discrimination accuracy. Nature Scientific Reports, 1(1):13830. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92509-0.
Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C.A. et al. (2021). A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behavior, 5, 1089–1110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x
Flowe, H. D., & Schreiber Compo, N. (2021). The lack of robust evidence for the effects of alcohol on false memory. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 332-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.029
Dajani, R., Flowe, H. D., & Warwick, M. (2021). Social and political justice hit by UK aid cuts. Nature, 592, 353. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-00955-7
Smith, H. M. J., Andrews, S., Baguley, T. S., Colloff, M. F., Davis, J. P., White, D. & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Performance of typical and superior face recognisers on a novel interactive face matching procedure. British Journal of Psychology, 112, 964-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12499
Rockowitz, S., Flowe, H. & Bradbury-Jones, C. (2021). Post-rape medicolegal service provision and policy in East Africa: a scoping review protocol. BMC Systematic Reviews, 10, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01613-9
Stevens, L. M., Rockey, J. C., Rockowitz, S., Kanja, W., Colloff, M., & Flowe, H. D. (2021). Protecting Children from Sexual Violence during COVID-19. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.630901
Yıldırım, M., Davison, E., Flowe, H.D. et al. (2021). Reconsidering Valuing Happiness: the Application of Goal Type Theory. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00478-8
Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., Flake, J.K. et al. (2021). To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?. Nature Human Behavior. 5, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01007-2y
Wang, Ke et al. (2020). A global test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic, Stage 1 Registered Report. Nature Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12302288.v1.
Butt, M. M., Colloff, M. F., Magner, E., & Flowe, H. D. (2020). Eyewitness memory in the news can affect the strategic regulation of memory reporting. Memory, Special Issue in Memory of James Ost. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1846750
Davies, K., Flowe, H. D., & Ferazz-da-Silva (2020). Behaviours of Sex Offending. In The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology.
Rockowitz, S., Kanja, W., & Flowe, H. (2020). Challenging social norms and legal responses to rape and sexual violence: Insights from a practice-research partnership in Kenya. In Understanding Gender Based Violence: A Comprehensive Textbook for Nurses, Social Workers and Allied Health Professionals Springer Nature.
Flowe, Heather, Rockowitz, S., Rockey, J., Kanja, W., Kamau, C., Colloff, M., Kauldhar, J., Woodhams, J., & Davies, Kari. (2020, July 28). Sexual and other forms of violence during the Covid-19 pandemic emergency in Kenya: Patterns of violence and impacts on women and girls. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3964124
Flowe, Heather, Rockowitz, S., Rockey, J., Kanja, W., Kamau, C., Colloff, M., Kauldhar, J., Woodhams, J., & Davies, Kari. (2020, July 28). Policy Brief: Patterns of violence and its impact on women and girls amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic in Kenya. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3964162
Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Colloff, M., Flowe, H., Wells, W., Wixted, J., & Mickes, L. (2019). Confidence and response time as indicators of eyewitness identification accuracy in the lab and in the real world. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8, 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.09.003
Smith, L.L., Flowe, H., & Kanja, W. (2019). Achieving more with less: A critical review of protocols for forensic investigation of sexual violence in low-resource environments. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 1, 108-113.
Koscielska, R. W.., Flowe, H. D. 2 ., & Egan, V. (2019). The dark triad and mating effort's influence on sexual coaxing and coercion across relationship types. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 26, 394-404. https://10.1080/13552600.2019.1676925
Gasper, H., Roy, M., & Flowe, H. D. (2019). Improving time estimation in witness memory. Frontiers in Psychology,10, 452. doi: https://10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01452.
Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Wetmore, S. A., Flowe, H. D., & Mickes, L. (2019). Designing police lineups to maximize memory performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25, 410-430. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000222.
Flowe, H. D., Humphries, J., Takarangi, M. K. T., Zelek, K., Karoğlu, N., Gabbert, F., & Hope, L. (2019). An experimental examination of the effects of alcohol consumption and exposure to misleading postevent information on remembering a hypothetical rape scenario. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33, 393-413. doi: 10.1002/acp.3531.
Jores, T., Colloff, M., Kloft, L., Smailes, H., & Flowe, H. (2019). A meta-analysis of the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on witness recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33, 324-343. doi: 10.1002/acp.3533.
Maltby, J., Day, L., Flowe, H. D., Vostanis, P., & Chivers, S. (2019). Psychological trait resilience within ecological systems theory: The Resilient Systems Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 10, 44-53. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1344985
Benedict, J., et al. (2018). Social perception of faces around the world: How well does the valence-dominance model generalize across world regions? (Registered Report Stage 1). Nature Human Behavior.
Flowe, H. D., Carline, A., & Karoğlu, N. (2018). Testing the Reflection Assumption: A Comparison of Eyewitness Ecology in the Laboratory and Criminal Cases. International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 22, 239-261. https://doi: 10.1177/1365712718782996
Smailes, H., Humphries, J., Ryder, H., Klatt, T., Maltby, J., Pearmain, A. M., & Flowe, H. D. (2018). Age-related differences in spontaneous trait judgments from facial appearance. Psychology, Psychiatry, and Law.
Flowe, H. D. (2018). Informants under the influence: Can intoxicated informants provide accurate information? CREST Security Review.
Monds, L., van Golde, C., Takarangi, M., Paterson, H., Flowe, H. (2017). Assessing the reliability of intoxicated witnesses. Australian Police Journal, 121-128.
Flowe, H. D., & Maltby (2017). An experimental examination of alcohol consumption, alcohol expectancy, and self-blame on willingness to report a hypothetical rape. Aggressive Behavior, 44, 225-234. doi: 10.1002/ab.21745
Flowe, H. D., Colloff, M. F., Zelek, K., Humphries, J. E., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2017). The effects of alcohol intoxication on accuracy and the confidence-accuracy relationship in photographic simultaneous lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31, 379-391. doi: 10.1002/acp.3332
Hett, D., Flowe, H., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2017). Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress DisorderThe Psychoneurotherapist. doi:10.1177/2167702616649348
Smith, L., Wetton, J. H., Lall, G. K. M., Flowe, H.D, & Jobling, M. (2017). Forensic science and the right to access to justice: Testing the efficacy of self-examination intimate DNA swabs to enhance victim-centered responses to sexual violence in low-resource environments. Science and Justice, 57, 331-335. https://10.1016/j.scijus.2017.07.004
Colloff, M. F., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). The effects of acute alcohol intoxication on the cognitive mechanisms underlying false facial recognition. Psychopharmacology, 233, 2139-2149. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4263-4.
Takarangi, M. K. T., Smith, R. A., Strange, D. & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Metacognitive and Meta-Memory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 131-140. doi: 10.1177/2167702616649348
Maltby, J., Day, L., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Hitokoto, H., Baran, T., Jones, C., Chakravarty-Agbo, A. & Flowe, H. D. (2016). An Ecological Systems Model of Resilience: Cross-cultural and clinical relevance. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 96-101. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.100
Klatt, T., Maltby, J., Humphries, J.E., Smailes, H.L., Ryder, H., Phelps, M., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Looking bad: Inferring criminality after 100 milliseconds. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 12, 114-125.
Ryder, H., Maltby, J., Rai, L., Jones, P., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Women's fear of crime and preference for formidable mates: How specific are the underlying psychological mechanisms? Evolution and Human Behavior, 37, 293–302. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.01.005
Flowe, H. D., Takarangi, M. K. T., Humphries, J. E., & Wright, D. S. (2016). Alcohol and remembering a hypothetical sexual assault: Can people who were under the influence of alcohol during the event provide accurate testimony? Memory, 24, 1042-1061. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1064536.
Bebane, S., Flowe, H. D., & Maltby, J. (2015). Re-refining the Measurement of Distress Intolerance., Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 159-164. doi: 1016/j.paid.2015.05.005
Flowe, H., Carline, A., Takarangi, M., Humphries, J., French, S., & Prior, M. (2015). Sexual violence and complainant intoxication. Criminal Justice & Law Weekly, 179 (34).
Flowe, H. D., Smith, H. M. J., Karoğlu, N., Onwuegbusi, T., & Rai, L. (2015). Configural and component processing in simultaneous and sequential lineup procedures. Memory, 24, 306-14. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1004350
Humphries, J. E., Flowe, H. D., Hall, L., Williams, L., & Ryder, H. (2015). The impact of beliefs about face recognition ability on memory retrieval processes in young and older adults. Memory, 4, 334-47. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1006236
Maltby, J., Day, L., Hatcher, R. M., Tazzyman, S., Flowe, H. D., Palmer, E. J., & ... Cutts, K. (2015). Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence that attention‐seeking conceptions are associated with increased psychological resilience., British Journal of Psychology, 107, 448-66. https://doi:10.1111/bjop.12154.
Smith, H. M. J., & Flowe, H. D. (2015). ROC analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect: Testing the effect of verbalisation on memory sensitivity. Applied Cognitive Psychology., 29, 159-168. doi: 10.1002/acp.3096
Humphries, J. E., & Flowe, H. D. (2015). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of age-related changes in lineup performance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,132, 189-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.12.009.
Elizalde Monjardin, M., Holliday, R., & Flowe, H. (2015). Análisis de técnicas mnemónicas de la entrevista cognitive. Investigación y Práctica en Psicología del Desarrollo, 1, 137-144.
Flowe, H. D., Klatt, T., & Coloff, M. F. (2014) Selecting fillers on emotional appearance improves lineup identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior. 38(6), 509-519. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000101.
Flowe, H. D., & Karoğlu, N. (2014). Reforming eyewitness identification evidence. Criminal Justice & Law Weekly, 78 (44)
Flowe, H. D., Hope, L., & Hillstrom, A. (2013). Oculomotor examination of the weapon focus effect: Does a gun automatically engage visual attention? PLoS ONE
Palmer, F., Flowe, H. D., Takarangi, M. K., & *Humphries, J. E (2013). Intoxicated witnesses and suspects: An archival analysis of their involvement in criminal case processing. Law and Human Behavior, 37 (1), 54-59. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000010.
Flowe, H. D. (2012). Do characteristics of faces that convey trustworthiness and dominance underlie perceptions of criminality? PLoS ONE. 7(6): e37253. doi:10.1371
Flowe, H. D., Swords, E., & Rockey, J. C. (2012). Women's behavioural engagement with a masculine male: Evidence for the Cycle Shift Hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior 33(4), 285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.006
Humphries, J. E., Holliday, R., & Flowe, H. D. (2012). Faces in motion: Age related changes in eyewitness identification performance in simultaneous, sequential, and elimination video lineups. 26, 149-158. Applied Cognitive Psychology doi:10.1002/acp.1808
**Mickes, L., Flowe, H. D., & Wixted, J. T. (2012). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of eyewitness memory: comparing the diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous vs. sequential lineups. ,18(4):361-76. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applieddoi: 10.1037/a0030609.
Ward, C., Flowe, H. D., & Humphries, J. E. (2012). The effects of masculinity and suspect gender on perceptions of guilt. 26(3), 482-488. Applied Cognitive Psychology doi: 10.1002/acp.2823
Flowe, H. D. (2011). An exploration of visual behaviour in eyewitness identification tests. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25: 244-254. doi: 10.1002/acp.1670
Flowe, H. D., & Besemer, A. N. (2011). The effect of target-foil discriminability on criterion placement in sequential and simultaneous lineups. Psychology Crime and Law, 17, 587-610. doi: 10.1080/10683160903397540
Flowe, H. D., & Cottrell, G. (2011). An examination of simultaneous lineup decision processes using eye tracking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 443-451. doi: 10.1002/acp.1711
Flowe, H. D. & Humphries, J. E. (2011). An examination of criminal face bias in a random sample of police lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25: 265-273. doi: 10.1002/acp.1673
Flowe, H. D., Mehta, A., & Ebbesen, E. B. (2011). The role of eyewitness identification evidence in felony case processing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2011, Vol. 17, No. 1, 140–159
Flowe, H. D., Stewart, J. S., Sleath, E. R., & Palmer, F. (2011). Public house patrons’ engagement in hypothetical sexual assault: A test of alcohol myopia theory in a field setting. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 547-558. doi: 10.1002/ab.20410
Flowe, H. D., VanNess, N., & Ebbesen, E. B. (2010). Testing the Reflection Assumption: An examination of the external validity of published studies on lineup identification accuracy. Unpublished
Mansour, J. K., & Flowe, H. D. (2010). Eyetracking and eyewitness memory. Forensic Update No. 101, Autumn, 2010.
Flowe, H., & Ebbesen, E. (2007). The effect of lineup member similarity on recognition accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 31(1), 33-52. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9045-9.
Flowe, H., Ebbesen, E., & Putcha-Bhagavatula, A. (2007). Rape shield laws and sexual behavior evidence: Effects of consent level and women's sexual history on rape allegations., 31(2), 159-175. Law and Human Behavior doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9050-z.
Ebbesen, E. B., & Flowe, H. D. (2002). Simultaneous v. sequential lineups: What do we really know? Unpublished manuscript.
Haefner, H. K., Khoshnevisan, M. H., Bachman, J. E., Flowe-Valencia, H. D., Dent, D., Green, C. R., & Reed, B. D. (2000). Use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to compare women with vulvar pain, pelvic pain and headaches. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 45, 665-671.
Green, C. R., Flowe-Valencia, H. D., Rosenblum, L., & Tait, A. R. (2001). The role of childhood and adulthood abuse among women presenting for chronic pain management. Clinical Journal of Pain, 17, 359-364.
Green, C. R, Flowe-Valencia, H. D., Rosenblum, L., & Tait, A. R. (1999). Do physical and sexual abuse differentially affect chronic pain states in women? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 18, 420-426.
**This research was featured in a recent National Academy of Sciences report on Eyewitness Identification.
Book Chapters
Ryder H., Williams N., Maltby J., Flowe H. (2018). Female counter-adaptations to rape. In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. 1-17.
Smith, H. M. J., Ryder, H. L., & Flowe, H. D. (2017). Eyewitness Evidence. In G. Davies and A. Beech (Eds.), Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law, Interventions. Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Ryder, H. L., Smith, H. M. J., & Flowe, H. D. (2015). Factors affecting eyewitness identification. In T. Valentine and J. P. Davis (Eds.), Forensic facial identification: Theory and practice of identification from eyewitnesses, composites and CCTV. London: Wiley-Blackwell
Flowe, H., Finklea, K., & Ebbesen, E. (2009).Limitations of expert psychology testimony on eyewitness identification. In B. Cutler Expert testimony on the psychology of eyewitness identification. New York, NY US: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331974.003.009